The thunder of a lever-action rifle, the smell of burnt gunpowder, and the undeniable power behind each shot – these elements paint a picture of a timeless cartridge, a relic of the past that refuses to fade: the .45-70 Government. Born from the need for a more effective rifle round in the late 19th century, this big-bore cartridge has carved its place in history and, remarkably, continues to be a favourite among hunters, target shooters, and firearm enthusiasts worldwide. But what is a 45-70 good for in the modern era? The answer, as it turns out, is a surprising range of activities, demonstrating the true versatility of this legendary round.
From its inception, the .45-70 was designed to be a workhorse, an improvement on existing rifle ammunition. Initially adopted by the U.S. Army in the 1870s, the .45-70 Government, or simply .45-70, was a significant advancement in military technology. The “45” refers to the bullet’s diameter in inches (.458 inches), while the “70” represented the original powder charge in grains of black powder. The “Government” designation solidified its connection to the military and its role in shaping the American West.
This cartridge quickly proved its worth. It was a powerful round, capable of bringing down large game and providing a significant advantage on the battlefield. The adoption of the .45-70 for the Springfield Model 1873, a single-shot rifle, was a milestone. This combination played a significant role in the Indian Wars, where its stopping power proved crucial. The .45-70 was also favored by civilian hunters and frontiersmen, solidifying its reputation as a reliable and effective round. The transition from black powder to smokeless powder in later versions of the .45-70 further enhanced its capabilities, extending its reach and effectiveness.
The legacy of the .45-70 is one of enduring strength and adaptability. Its relatively simple design and robust construction contributed to its longevity. Despite the influx of newer, more technologically advanced cartridges, the .45-70 remains a relevant and sought-after round. It stands as a testament to the enduring appeal of classic firearms and the rugged spirit of the frontier.
Hunting Applications of the .45-70
A primary reason for the .45-70’s continued popularity is its effectiveness in the field for hunting. The cartridge’s power and manageable range make it well-suited for bringing down a wide array of game animals. Its deep penetration and substantial knockdown power make it a favourite among hunters who pursue large and potentially dangerous game.
Big Game Hunting
One of the .45-70’s strongest selling points is its ability to take down large game. For those hunting elk, the .45-70 can deliver an exceptionally powerful punch, delivering massive amounts of energy to bring down a large bull. Similarly, hunters of bear, especially large grizzlies or brown bears, often choose the .45-70 for its proven ability to stop these powerful creatures, offering a vital margin of safety. Moose, known for their size and resilience, are also vulnerable to a well-placed .45-70 round. In many areas, the .45-70 is also a capable round for deer hunting, especially in timbered areas where ranges are often shorter.
The .45-70’s effectiveness stems from several factors. The substantial bullet weight, often ranging from 300 to 500 grains, delivers exceptional momentum and energy. These heavier bullets offer deeper penetration, making them ideal for breaking through thick hide and bone, ensuring a clean kill. The cartridge’s large diameter allows for the creation of expansive wound channels, contributing to quick incapacitation of the animal.
Considerations for Hunting
Hunting with a .45-70 is not without its considerations. Unlike many modern rounds, the .45-70 has a relatively limited effective range. Due to its bullet trajectory, it tends to drop more significantly at longer distances. This means hunters need to understand the trajectory of their ammunition and factor in distance accordingly. Experienced hunters often limit their shots to under 200 yards to ensure accurate placement.
The choice of ammunition is paramount. Selecting the right bullet weight and construction is vital for ensuring effective and ethical hunts. Soft-point bullets offer excellent expansion upon impact, delivering maximum energy transfer and creating large wound channels. However, for tougher game, hunters may opt for more robust bullets, such as those with bonded cores or solid construction, to ensure deep penetration and effective terminal performance. The type of rifle and optics used should also be considered. Popular choices include lever-action rifles, like the Marlin 1895, which are known for their speed and reliability. Single-shot rifles, like the Ruger No. 1, also work. In addition to the rifle, the correct choice of optics is also essential. Scopes with low magnification are frequently used, but open sights also provide an excellent option, especially at the typical engagement ranges.
Responsible hunting practices are essential when using the .45-70. Hunters should prioritize ethical shot placement, aiming for vital organs to ensure a swift and humane harvest. Understanding the limitations of the cartridge and practicing extensively at the range will help improve accuracy and confidence in the field. Only by adhering to a responsible approach can hunters get the most out of the .45-70 and ensure the preservation of hunting traditions.
Target Shooting and Recreation
Beyond hunting, the .45-70 has carved out a place in target shooting and recreational activities. The cartridge’s versatility extends beyond the hunting field, offering a rewarding experience for those seeking to engage in target shooting. The .45-70’s manageable recoil and inherent accuracy lend themselves well to the discipline of long-range shooting.
While not typically considered a dedicated long-range cartridge in the same vein as some modern high-velocity rounds, the .45-70 can still be a formidable choice for targets out to 300 yards, and sometimes even further with a good shooter and a suitable rifle. This capability allows enthusiasts to engage in recreational shooting, pushing their marksmanship skills and enjoying the satisfying “thump” of the bullet impacting the target.
Cowboy Action Shooting
The .45-70 is also a fixture in Cowboy Action Shooting, a sport that embraces the spirit of the Old West. Competitors dress in period clothing and use firearms that would have been common in the late 19th century. The .45-70 fits perfectly into this scene.
The .45-70 is a common choice for lever-action rifles, making it a popular option for Cowboy Action Shooting. The cartridge’s relatively low recoil and manageable power level enable quick follow-up shots and make it a joy to shoot, even for beginners. This allows for a lively, engaging and competitive sport.
Plinking and Fun Shooting
Beyond the competition and practice, the .45-70 can also be used for casual plinking and recreational shooting. Whether at a private range or at a public facility, the opportunity to shoot the .45-70 can be a hugely satisfying experience. The cartridge’s satisfying recoil and unmistakable sound make it a popular choice for those seeking an enjoyable shooting experience. The .45-70 gives shooters a way to connect with the history of shooting while simultaneously having fun.
Advantages and Disadvantages
The .45-70 has its advantages and disadvantages. Understanding both sides of the coin can help you make informed decisions. The .45-70, while it has its downsides, is still a very powerful cartridge.
Pros
One of its most significant pros is its stopping power. The heavy bullets and substantial energy deliver a devastating impact, creating large wound channels and ensuring rapid incapacitation of the target. The historical significance also contributes to its appeal. The .45-70 offers a connection to the past, appealing to enthusiasts who appreciate the romance of classic firearms and the legacy of the American West. The cartridge’s simplicity and reliability are also noteworthy. The straightforward design and robust construction of the .45-70 lead to a cartridge that’s easy to load, easy to shoot, and capable of withstanding a variety of conditions. The .45-70 is also excellent for handloading. Reloading allows shooters to customize loads to their exact needs, optimize performance, and potentially save money.
Cons
The .45-70 is not without its drawbacks. The recoil of the .45-70 can be significant, especially in lighter rifles, requiring experienced shooters to adjust their technique to handle it comfortably. The cartridge’s trajectory is arcing, meaning that at longer ranges, bullet drop is considerable. The cost and availability of ammunition must also be factored in. Commercial .45-70 ammunition can be more expensive than some other popular calibers, and availability may be restricted in certain locations.
Types of .45-70 Rifles
The .45-70 is typically found in a variety of rifle designs. The lever-action rifle remains the most recognizable platform for the .45-70. Marlin and Winchester have been the most notable manufacturers of lever-action .45-70 rifles, producing models that are still popular today. These rifles combine classic styling with dependable performance, making them ideal for hunting, target shooting, and Cowboy Action Shooting.
Lever-Action Rifles
Single-shot rifles also provide a great way to enjoy the .45-70 cartridge. They offer increased accuracy and allow for the use of more powerful loads. These rifles typically feature stronger actions, allowing for a wider range of handload options. In recent years, modern and custom rifle manufacturers have also embraced the .45-70. These manufacturers are creating high-performance rifles that utilize innovative technologies and designs to maximize the cartridge’s potential. These rifles often incorporate advanced materials, such as carbon fiber, and refined features, allowing for greater accuracy and enhanced user experience.
Single-Shot Rifles
The choice of ammunition and the possibility of handloading further contribute to the .45-70’s versatility. You can buy different bullet weights and types. The wide variety of bullet options means the cartridge can be adapted for different hunting scenarios and target-shooting requirements.
Modern and Custom Rifles
Factory-loaded ammunition is readily available. The most common options include soft-point bullets, ideal for controlled expansion and effective terminal performance on game, and hollow-point bullets, which offer excellent expansion and rapid energy transfer upon impact. Some manufacturers also offer monolithic solid bullets that are suited for hunting large or dangerous game.
Ammunition and Reloading
Reloading the .45-70 is also a very rewarding experience. Handloading allows shooters to tailor their loads to their specific needs, maximizing accuracy and performance. Shooters can select their bullets, powders, and primers to match their hunting objectives and shooting styles. For those who are serious about hunting, handloading allows them to create a hunting round specific to their needs.
Factory Ammunition
Safety precautions are essential when handling any firearm, particularly when reloading ammunition. Proper training, a thorough understanding of reloading procedures, and a strict adherence to safety guidelines are paramount. Reloaders should always wear appropriate eye and ear protection and work in a well-ventilated area. It’s essential to follow load data recommendations from reputable sources and to inspect each cartridge for proper dimensions and any signs of damage.
Reloading
In conclusion, the .45-70 Government, despite its age, continues to offer a remarkable degree of versatility. Its history, power, and adaptability make it a compelling choice for hunters, target shooters, and firearm enthusiasts. From the wilderness to the range, the .45-70 provides a satisfying shooting experience.
The .45-70’s enduring popularity stems from its unique blend of power, nostalgia, and reliability. It embodies a connection to the past while remaining relevant and effective in the present. The .45-70 continues to be a valuable tool.
Will the .45-70 continue to resonate with shooting enthusiasts for decades to come? The cartridge’s legacy, its continued presence in the hunting field, and the passion of its advocates suggest that this classic round will continue to capture the imagination and dominate the conversation for generations to come. Perhaps this prompts you to further explore the world of the .45-70 or perhaps consider your own journey with this amazing round.
