A Need for a Powerful Round
The acrid scent of gunpowder still hangs in the air, a phantom fragrance carried on the winds of the American West. Imagine a vast landscape, where the echoes of clashing metal mingle with the cries of the wounded and the thunder of hooves. Amidst this chaos, a rifle, a symbol of both survival and conflict, stands out: the 45/70. This iconic cartridge, and the firearms it powered, played a pivotal role in shaping the history of the United States. From the harsh realities of the Indian Wars to the evolution of hunting and firearm technology, the story of the 45/70 Government is a story of grit, innovation, and a legacy that continues to resonate today.
Before the 45/70, the U.S. Army’s main rifle cartridge was the .50-70 Government. This round, developed in the aftermath of the Civil War, was a marked improvement over earlier designs. However, as the Army continued to engage in conflict with Native American tribes and assess the results of battle, the deficiencies of this round quickly became apparent. Many soldiers and military leaders realized that the existing ammunition lacked the range and stopping power to effectively subdue enemies on horseback and during skirmishes. The Army needed a cartridge that could reach out across the prairies and reliably bring down targets, both human and animal.
Recognizing this need, the U.S. Army Ordnance Department began the arduous process of developing a new cartridge. They sought a round that offered increased accuracy, greater range, and a more effective punch. The task was to create a new standard that would ensure a victory in the American West. After extensive research and testing, a new cartridge was born, one that would forever be associated with frontier life and the spirit of the era.
The Cartridge’s Birth and its Characteristics
The outcome of all the research led to a cartridge which has now become the 45/70 Government, often referred to as the “.45-70-405.” The numbers provide a detailed snapshot of its specifications. “45” indicated the bullet’s diameter, which measured .45 inches. “70” signified the amount of black powder in grains. “405” referred to the bullet’s weight, typically around 405 grains, although other bullet weights were used. This potent combination delivered a powerful punch.
The cartridge’s design aimed at delivering a combination of power and accuracy, to overcome challenges on the battlefield. The large-diameter bullet, propelled by a substantial charge of black powder, created a broad wound channel upon impact. The use of black powder imparted a noticeable cloud of smoke, contributing to the dramatic atmosphere of the battlefield. Though the black powder did not offer the velocity of modern smokeless propellants, the combination of weight and caliber translated into superior stopping power at reasonable ranges. The 45/70 was a rugged, reliable round perfectly suited to the demands of frontier warfare.
The First Rifles and How They Developed
The Springfield Armory played a pivotal role in adapting and adopting this new cartridge. The Springfield Model 1873, affectionately known as the “Trapdoor,” was the first rifle to chamber the 45/70. This single-shot, breech-loading rifle was a significant leap forward in firearm technology, allowing soldiers to load and fire more quickly than with muzzle-loading rifles of the past. The “trapdoor” design involved a hinged breechblock, which swung upward to allow the insertion of a cartridge and then closed to create a tight seal.
Through the next several years, the Springfield continued to evolve, through production changes and improved designs. The Army learned from the experience on the battlefield, and applied those lessons to its rifles. The weapon’s versatility also quickly became apparent. The rifle was relatively simple to manufacture and maintain, making it a sound choice for the military, where a soldier’s ability to perform was paramount.
Beyond the Springfield, other firearm manufacturers recognized the potential of the 45/70 cartridge. Remington, for example, produced its Lee bolt-action rifle chambered in 45/70. This design offered improved rate of fire and more robust construction than the Trapdoor. The Sharps Rifle Company, famous for its long-range precision rifles, produced several models in 45/70 as well, capitalizing on the cartridge’s potential for long-distance accuracy. These rifles found favor not only in the military but also in the hands of civilian hunters and target shooters.
The 45/70 in Military Use
The 45/70’s entry to the battlefield was critical during the Indian Wars, a period that defined the clash between American settlers and Native American tribes. The Springfield rifle and the 45/70 cartridge became synonymous with the U.S. Army’s campaign. One particular event is the Battle of Little Bighorn, where the limitations of the Trapdoor and the 45/70 were exposed. Despite the cartridge’s power and effective range, the single-shot action of the Trapdoor, and the slow rate of fire, proved to be a distinct disadvantage when facing determined, rapidly firing warriors.
The 45/70 cartridge also saw action in other conflicts. The Spanish-American War also showed the versatility of the weapon. However, even though it proved to be effective, the 45/70’s military service began to wane as smokeless powder cartridges and repeating rifles gained popularity. These newer designs offered faster rates of fire, increased range, and reduced smoke, thus making them increasingly popular with soldiers.
The evolution of firearms technology, however, wasn’t just about the cartridge. The 45/70’s legacy also contributed to improving other rounds of ammunition, and the design of guns. The 45/70 helped demonstrate the power of larger-caliber bullets and the importance of ballistic performance. It directly influenced the development of other popular cartridges and the design of firearms.
A Civilian Hunting and Shooting Legacy
Beyond its military applications, the 45/70 became a favorite amongst civilian hunters and shooters. The cartridge’s inherent accuracy at moderate ranges, combined with its devastating stopping power, made it an ideal choice for hunting large game. Buffalo hunters embraced the 45/70, using it to bring down massive bison across the plains. This played a key role in the extinction of the buffalo, while it also made the 45/70 a staple in the life of the American West.
For target shooters, the 45/70 offered a challenge and a thrill. With its heavy bullet and the puff of smoke, shooting the 45/70 required skill and an understanding of ballistics. The cartridge’s long-range accuracy made it suitable for competitive shooting.
The versatility of the 45/70 quickly made it a favorite amongst gun companies and gun enthusiasts. Today, you can still find many 45/70 guns on the market made by companies like Marlin, Winchester, and Ruger. The round’s popularity demonstrates the cartridge’s lasting legacy, as it has been used and embraced by hunters, shooters, and collectors.
The Enduring Legacy Today
The 45/70 continues to be popular with firearm enthusiasts. Modern rifles chambered for the 45/70 have benefited from advancements in metallurgy, design, and ammunition technology. Many are built with stronger actions and capable of handling even higher pressure loads, and this has increased the 45/70’s performance. The cartridge remains a favorite for hunting big game, especially in areas with heavy cover where a short-range, powerful round is preferred.
Today, you can find these rifles in a variety of configurations, from lever-action rifles reminiscent of the Old West to modern single-shot and bolt-action designs. The 45/70 retains its appeal and has garnered a devoted following for its straightforward efficiency and historical context.
Its enduring popularity extends to sport shooting. Competitions dedicated to historical firearms often feature the 45/70, and the cartridge’s inherent accuracy makes it a respectable competitor in long-range shooting events. The cartridge’s distinct sound, the tangible kick, and the satisfying smoke cloud combine to provide an unmatched experience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the 45/70 Government is more than just a cartridge; it’s a symbol. It represents an era of transformation, conflict, and innovation. Its impact on military history, hunting, and firearm development is undeniable. From the battlefields of the American West to the modern-day hunting grounds, the 45/70 has left an indelible mark. Its continued popularity is a testament to its enduring appeal and its place in the annals of firearm history. The 45/70 Government is a reminder of the skill, spirit, and determination of those who have relied on its power and legacy.
